Spatial Planning for Urban Muslim Communities in Indonesia: A Comparative Study of Religious Facilities in Jakarta and Bandung Using Maqashid Sharia and Spatial Justice

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Indonesia has significantly transformed the spatial needs of Muslim communities. This study examines the role of spatial planning in shaping the development of urban Muslim societies through a comparative analysis of Jakarta and Bandung. The research investigates how spatial planning policies influence the distribution, accessibility, and socio-religious functions of mosques and other religious facilities.,Employing a qualitative desk study approach, the research analyzes secondary data from national and regional spatial planning regulations, official demographic and religious statistics, and relevant scholarly literature. The analysis integrates global urban theories with the Islamic normative framework of maqashid sharia and spatial justice. The findings reveal notable disparities between the two cities. While Jakarta has a larger absolute number of mosques, Bandung demonstrates a higher ratio of religious facilities per population and relatively better spatial integration. However, both cities face challenges of land scarcity, commercialization pressures, and uneven distribution, particularly in high-density and informal settlements. These conditions indicate that current spatial planning has not yet optimally functioned as socio-religious infrastructure. This study concludes that spatial planning must be repositioned as a transformative instrument that integrates ethical values and social justice.  By bridging maqashid sharia with spatial justice concepts, the research offers a new perspective for more inclusive urban planning in Muslim-majority cities. The findings contribute to both theoretical discourse on Islamic urbanism and practical policy recommendations for equitable spatial development in Indonesia and similar Global South contexts